拉曼應用

Graphene

Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceutics / Cosmetics

Polymers

Agro-food

Energy

Nanomaterials

Archeometry / Art

Environment

Geology

Life Sciences

Forensics

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拉曼高光譜成像結合了樣品空間和光譜資訊的收集，對製藥和化妝品行業（從化合物發現階段到上市後產品）非常有幫助。使用拉曼技術，可以表徵樣品的化學（活性物質和賦形劑鑑定、分佈和含量）和物理（固態/多晶型、粒徑）特性。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• FLUO, RA, PSA 02: Spectroscopic methods for sunscreens characterization
• RA PSA 01: Particle characterization by optical spectroscopies and laser diffraction
• RA69: Soap compound investigation by Raman mapping

Publications

• “Raman Spectroscopy and Polymorphism.” Tuschel D. (2019). Spectroscopy, 34(3):10-21
• “Towards a spray-coating method for the detection of low-dose compounds in pharmaceutical tablets using surface-enhanced Raman chemical imaging (SER-CI).” Cailletaud J. and al. (2018). Talanta, 188:584-592
• “Applications of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging in Pharmaceutics.” Gowen, A. A. and Amigo, J. M. (2013). In Handbook of Biophotonics (eds J. Popp, V. V. Tuchin, A. Chiou and S. H. Heinemann).doi:10.1002/9783527643981.bphot083

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隨著技術的高速發展，需要更可靠、高效和強大的能源。拉曼光譜適用於表徵為能源開發的材料。表徵將包括結構和電子特性，或故障分析，這在品質控制過程中非常有用，或不同時間段的狀態比較以進行穩定性研究。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• RA67: Combined Raman photoluminescence imaging of 2D WS2
• RA53: Raman spectroscopy applied to the lithium-ion battery analysis
• RA42: Raman imaging of a single gallium nitride nanowire: pushing the limits of confocal microscopy

Publications

• “Revealing the role of interfacial properties on catalytic behaviors by in situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy”. Zhang H. and al. (2017). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(30):10339-10346
• “Raman imaging for LiCoO2 composite positive electrodes in all-solid-state lithium batteries using Li2S-P2S5 solid electrolytes”. Otoyama M. and al. (2016). Journal of Power Sources, 302:419-425
• “Photoluminescence and Raman study of Cu2ZnSn(SexS1-x)4 monograins for photovoltaic applications”. Grossberg M. (2011). Thin solid films, 519(21):7403-7406

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水污染（石油洩漏、微塑膠）和空氣污染（氣溶膠、氣體排放）是全球環境污染的兩種主要類型。為了解決這個重大公共問題，需要創新的分析表徵工具，例如顯微拉曼光譜。由於它具有高度化學選擇性，因此可以快速對微粒進行形態和化學表徵和識別。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• RA71: Morphological and chemical characterizations of microplastic particles using Particle Finder™ and Raman techniques
• RA56: Identification of airbone pollen by Raman spectroscopy
• RA48: Confocal Raman microspectrometry imaging combined with chemometric methods for environmental applications

Publications

• “Identification of microplastics using Raman spectroscopy: Latest developments and future prospects.” Araujo C.F. and al. (2018). Water Research. 142:426-440
• “Combining Raman microspectrometry and chemometrics for determining quantitative molecular composition and mixing state of atmospheric aerosol particles.” Siepka D. and al. (2018). Microchemical Journal. 137:119-130
• “Quantitative SERS sensors for environmental analysis of naphthalene.” Péron O. and al. (2011). Analyst. 136:1018-1022

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拉曼光譜提供的特定功能是生命科學分析的關鍵點：它是一種非侵入性、無標記技術，具有亞微米空間分辨率。

拉曼光譜顯示出與化學計量方法相結合的巨大潛力，可以研究大量樣品以及單個細胞，以達到區分的目的：根據化學和/或結構特性區分健康和患病細胞，以及高達菌株水平的細菌/酵母分類。

Application Notes

• RA62: Direct identification of clinically relevant microorganisms on solid culture media by Raman spectroscopy
• RA60: Investigating the atherosclerosis process by monitoring lipid deposits including cholesterol and free fatty acids
• RA59: Raman investigation of microorganisms on a single cell level

Publications

• “Raman reporters derived from aryl diazonium salts for SERS encoded-nanoparticles.” Yun Luo and al. (2020). Chem. Commun., 2020, Advance Article
• “An automated Raman-based platform for the sorting of live cells by functional properties.” Lee K.S. and al. (2019). Nature Microbiology. 4:1035-1048.
• “Development of methodology for Raman microspectroscopic analyis of oral exfoliated cells.” Behl I. and al. (2017). Anal. Methods. 9:937-948.
• “In vitro monitoring of time and dose dependent cytotoxicity of aminated nanoparticles using Raman spectroscopy.” Efeoglu E. and al. (2016). Analyst. 141:5417-5431.

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聚合物，無論是天然的還是合成的，在我們的日常生活中隨處可見，從衣服到建築物，以及包裝和汽車。許多行業都需要分析儀器來控制其產品。對於聚合物，拉曼光譜可用於化學鑑定、分佈測定、深度分析、聚合監測和化合物應力分析。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• RA89: Resolving micron-sized layers in multilayer films with Raman microscopy by cross-section analysis and confocal depth profiling
• RA81: Characterization of protective mask fibers by Raman microscopy
• RA76: Raman Microscopy Applied to Polymer Characterization: An Overview
• RA55: Transmission Raman spectroscopy: review of applications
• Polymers 05: Concentration profile measurements in polymeric coatings during drying by means of Inverse-Micro-Raman-Spectroscopy (IMRS)
• Polymers 04: Raman imaging of holographic gratings inscribed on polymer thin films

Publications

• “Polarized Raman analysis of polymer chain orientation in ultrafine individual nanofibers with variable low cristallinity.” Papkov and al. (2018). Macromolecules. 51(21):8746-8751.
• “Cold gas spray titanium coatings onto a biocompatible polymer.” Gardon M. and al. (2013). Materials Letters. 106:97-99.
• “Direct detection of analyte binding to single molecularly imprinted polymer particles by confocal Raman spectroscopy.” Bompart M. and al. (2009). Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 25(3):568-571.

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奈米材料被認為是三個維度中的至少一個維度縮小至奈米尺度的材料。根據這個定義，奈米材料包括：

• 二維材料，本質上是單層，例如石墨烯或過渡金屬二硫屬化物 (TMDC) 單層。它們通常在電子、材料或生物應用中發揮重要作用

• 準二維結構，例如異質結構，由非常薄的層堆疊組成，因此表現出新的物理特性

• 一維材料，包括碳奈米管、奈米線和奈米棒

• 零維材料,  材料是量子點或奈米粒子。

拉曼光譜是一個很好的工具，可以回答有關這些材料的結構和性能的許多問題，以促進其開發。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• RA54: Number of layers of MoS2 determined using Raman spectroscopy
• RA50: Graphene studies using Raman spectroscopy
• RA14: SWNTs, Quality control by Raman spectroscopy

Publications

• “Validity of measuring metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube fractions by quantitative Raman spectroscopy.” Tian Y. and al. (2018). Anal. Chem. 90(4):2517-2525.
• “Multicolor graphenenanoribbon/semiconductor nanowire heterojunction light-emitting diodes.” Ye Y. and al. (2011). J. Mater. Chem. 21:11760-11763.
• “Photoluminescence emission and Raman response of monolayer MoS₂, MoSe₂, and WSe₂.” Tonndorf P. and al. (2013). Optics Express. 21(4):4908-4916.

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構成地球的天然岩石很複雜。它們由一種或多種礦物質的聚集體組成。每種礦物都可以透過其化學成分和晶體結構來定義，有時還可以包含流體包裹體。地質學家需要強大的表徵技術來獲取有關岩石形成歷史的詳細資訊。拉曼光譜資訊極為豐富（化學鑑定、分子結構表徵、鍵結影響、環境和樣品上的應力）。憑藉其無損特性和高空間分辨率（< 1 μm），拉曼光譜成為地質研究的首選工具。

Did you know Raman can do that?

Application Notes

• RA84: Co-localized microscopy techniques for pyrite mineral spatial characterization
• RA23: Study of geological materials with Raman Spectroscopy
• RA15: Coloured diamond defect identification by Raman diffusion and photoluminescence

Publications

• “Evaluating molecular evolution of kerogen by Raman spectroscopy: Correlation with optical microscopy and rock-eval pyrolysis.” Khatibi S. and al. (2018). Energies. 11(6):1406
• “Hydrogen in silicate melt inclusions in quartz from granite detected with Raman spectroscopy.” Li J. and Chou I.M. (2015). Journal of Raman spectroscopy. 46(10):983-986.
• “Raman spectroscopic analysis of geological and biogeological specimens of relevance to the ExoMars mission.” Edwards H.G.M. and al. (2013). Astrobiology. 13(6):543-549.

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十多年來，拉曼光譜已被公認為法醫科學領域高效、強大的分析工具。事實上，它是一種非破壞性、非接觸式、無污染的技術，不需要任何樣品製備。因此，這可以保留少量證據，以便對同一樣本進行進一步分析以確認結果。此外，由於共焦系統的高空間分辨率，只需要最少量的材料。

拉曼效應對化學成分和晶體結構的細微差異高度敏感。這些功能對於非法藥物的調查、紙張表面墨水的原位分析以驗證列印文件以及爆炸材料的驗證（表面上的存在、各個成分的分佈）非常有用。

Application Notes

• RA20: The non destructive and in-situ identification of different black inks

Publications

• “Raman spectroscopic method for semen identification: azoospermia.” Fikiet M.A. and Lednev I.K. (2019). Talanta. 194:385-389.
• “Rapid detection of drugs and explosives for forensic analysis.” Meinhart C.D. and al. (2018). US Army RDECOM.
• “Raman microspectroscopic mapping as a tool for detection of gunshot residue on adhesive tape.” Bueno J. and al. (2018). Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. 410(28):7295-7303.

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拉曼光譜正逐漸成為食品和飲料表徵的分析技術。此領域分析技術的主要目標是透過定量方法測定成分、品質控制（包括摻假、細菌污染）以及雜質或不需要的材料的識別。與色譜技術不同，拉曼分析速度快，且不需要溶劑或樣品製備。此外，與紅外線技術相反，拉曼光譜對高含水量不敏感，因此非常適合分析水溶液。

Application Notes

• AN04: Milk compounds characterization by optical spectroscopies and laser diffraction
• RA52: Characterization of encapsulated flavours using Raman spectroscopy
• RA51: Fat acids characterization for food quality using Raman spectroscopy

Publications

• “Determination of extremely low concentration of sucrose in aqueous solution by Raman spectroscopy.” Rahimi N. and al. (2019). Proc. SPIE. 10881
• “Development of an optimal filter substrate for the identification of small microplastic particles in food by micro-Raman spectroscopy.” Obmann B.E. and al. (2017). Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. 409(16):4099-4109
• “The use of Raman spectroscopy in food processes: a review.” Jin H. and al. (2015). Applied Spectroscopy reviews. 51(1)12-22.

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考古學和藝術領域的頂尖專家對古代文物的認證是基於風格分析和個人感官知覺。此外，出於偽造目的進行鑑定、年代測定和檢測時，必須具備科學專業知識。遇到的困難與樣本本身有關，樣本本身是獨特的，數量非常少。拉曼光譜被證明是一種非常適合的技術，因為它的分析是非破壞性和非接觸式的。

Application Notes

• Art03: Micro-Raman pigment analysis of wall paintings from a church in the Skopje Fortress, Republic of Macedonia
• RA02: Archaeometric analysis of ancient pottery
• Art01: The non destructive and in-situ analysis of pigments

Publications

• “Non-invasive on-site Raman study of blue-decorated early soft-paste porcelain: The use of arsenic-rich (European) cobalt ores – Comparison with huafalang Chinese porcelains.” Colomban P. and al. (2018). Ceramics International. 44(8):9018-9026.
• “Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirm ochre residues on 71 000-year-old bifacial tools from Sibudu, South Africa.” Wojcieszak M. and Wadley L. (2018). Archaeometry. 60(5):1062-1076.
• “Raman characterization of painted mortar in Republican Roman mosaics.” Boschetti C. and al. (2008). Journal of Raman spectroscopy. 39(8):1085-1090.

Testimony

• [SelectScience Video] Prof. Philippe Colomban, CNRS Research Professor Emeritus, Sorbonne University, France, gives an insight into his research in the field of material science and the use of Raman spectroscopy to gain a greater understanding of ancient Chinese artefacts.